Blood cancer or leukaemia is the cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal reproduction of blood cells (usually white blood cells). However, Leukaemia is a broader term which incorporates a spectrum of diseases. This is a malignant form of blood- formulating organs.

Types of Leukaemia:

Leukaemia is clinically divided into several large groups which include division in between its acute and chronic forms :

• Acute Leukaemia : the rapid increase of immature blood cells is known as acute leukaemia. This accumulation of excessive immature blood cells hinders the reproduction of healthy blood cells by the bone marrow resulting into the stage of blood cancer. This form of leukaemia occurs in children and young adults mainly. This rapid reproduction therefore requires immediate treatment else it spills over into bloodstream and spreads to the other healthy organs of the body.
• Chronic Leukaemia : The excessive formulation of comparatively mature, but still abnormal blood cells in human body is characterised as chronic leukaemia. These cells reproduces at much higher speed than normal cells which results into formulation of many immature blood cells in the blood. It comparative affects the old age people than the young. The chronic leukaemia at times is monitored for before prescribing the treatment.

Symptoms of Blood Cancer:

In the case of blood cancer the bone marrow is damaged, which results into lack of blood platelets. These blood platelets are important for the process of blood clotting therefore in the patients suffering from blood cancer becoming bruised; bleeding excessively or developing pinprick bleeds are common features. Other main symptoms of the disease include :

• These symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats.
• Headaches
• Swollen or bleeding gums
• Enlarged liver
• Infections frequently
• Pain in the bones
• Swollen tonsils
• Paleness
• Extreme weight loss

Treatment of Blood Cancer:

Blood cancer is rather a cluster of cancers developed in the blood cells and therefore the patients with leukaemia requires special treatment. The special cancer centres can only meet those special needs. The treatment of blood cancer is a complete program which the patients have to follow in order to achieve best results. These include :

• Chemotherapy : is the first method to destroy those leukaemic cells by the usage of anti cancer drugs.
• Interferon therapy : is effective to slow down the rate of reproduction of the leukaemic cells and helps the immune system to build sufficient anti- leukaemia activity.
• Radiation therapy : this therapy is effective to kill cancer cells with the process of exposure to high- energy radiations.
• Stem Cell Transplantation : This procedure is required in order to enable treatment with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• Surgery : The surgery is performed for the removal of an enlarged spleen or to install a venous access device to give medications and withdraw blood samples.

A malignant tumour of the bone is known as bone cancer and it destroys the normal bone tissues. There are two kinds of cancers benign and malignant the benign bone cancers are more common bone cancer. The bone cancer may grow and can harm the healthy bone tissue, the only difference between the benign and malignant bone cancer is that the benign tumours do not spread or destroy bone tissue and they are rarely a threat to life.

Types of Bone Cancer:

There are various types of primary bone cancer. The bones constitute of various tissues including osteoid, cartilaginous and fibrous also elements of bone marrow. Therefore common types of bone cancer include:

• Osteosarcoma : This tumour arises from osteoid tissue and develops in the knee and the upper arm mainly.
• Chondrosarcoma : this form of cancer originates most often in the pelvis, upper leg and shoulder.
• Ewing Sarcoma : these tumours usually develop in bone but can also originate in soft tissues.

Treatment of Bone Cancer:

The options of treatment of bone cancer depend upon the size, location and stage of the cancer also on the age and health conditions of the patient. The treatment for bone cancer includes various methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and cryosurgery.

• Surgery : it is the most common method of treatment for bone cancer. This surgery is performed in order to remove the entire tumour inside the bone with negative margins. The surgeon aims at removing the tumour with minimizing the removal of the healthy tissues.
• Chemotherapy : This is the method of usage of anticancer drugs to kill the cancerous cells. However this therapy is not used to treat chondrosarcoma.
• Radiation Therapy : this therapy involves the usage of high energy X-rays to destroy the cancerous cells. This treatment option may be used along with surgery.
• Cryosurgery : This is a type of treatment which involves usage of liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy cancerous cells.

Brain cancer is a cancer which develops in the tissues of the brain due to uncontrolled cell division. The brain tumour generally develops in the brain itself, in the cranial nerves, inside the envelopes of the brain, pituitary, pineal gland and skull and it can also develop due to the cancers located in other organs. A tumour is a mass of cells which reproduces itself and thus is one of the deadliest diseases.

Types of Brain Cancer:

The tumour of brain is both benign and malignant. The benign brain tumour is an abnormal collection of cells which reproduces slowly and usually the surrounding normal brain stays unaffected from it, these cells grows slowly and therefore can be removed very easily. The malignant tumours reproduce comparatively more quickly and their borders hardly stay distant from the normal brain and hence removing them without damaging the surrounding brain is a complicated task.

Symptoms of Brain Cancer:

• Some of the main symptoms of brain cancer include headache. However the headache caused due to a brain tumour is often very severe and can be associated with nausea and vomiting as well which is worst in the morning.
• Other important symptoms of brain cancer may include dizziness, change in the vision, weakness or numbness on one side of the body, changes in mood, senses, personality or feelings, memory problem also confusion or trouble in concentrating.

Treatment of Brain Cancer:

To treat the benign brain cancer with the exception of having some tumour located at the base of the skull, it has to be removed surgically. The procedure of treating brain cancer first involves usage of high doses of steroids very frequently in order to reduce the swelling caused due to the tumour. These steroids externally remove the symptoms of the tumour but they do not effect the tumour itself. The surgery to treat the brain tumour is done in order to remove maximum part of the cancer. The surgery can’t be performed in some of the more delicate portion of the brain however lowering down the scale of the cancer is always helpful as this provide some relieve to the patients and remove some of the symptoms also is helpful in making other treatments effective. In other difficult cases of malignant cancers stereotactic radiosurgery such as Gamma Knife Radiosurgery is one of the most viable options.

The breast cancer spreads due to an abnormal development of cells which later leads to the growth of tumour and a tumour in the breast in its malignant form is called breast cancer. The breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer diagnosed in the women in the modern times. Round the world according to the statistics breast cancer is the second most death causing disease and its risk factor increases with the increasing age. The cancer in breast forms in tissues of the breast, usually in the ducts and lobules and can occur in both men and women.

Causes of Breast Cancer:

The cancer in the breast does not mean a specific category of disease rather it is the different types of cancer found in the breast is known as breast cancer. Some of the main causes associated with breast cancer are :

• The chances of developing breast cancer depend upon age, with the increasing age the risk also rises.
• Family history of diagnosis of the disease increases the risk in the off springs.
• Closed cardiac and thoracic operations
• Early onset of menses and menopause can also be associated with the disease.
• Exposure to radioactive rays increases the chances of developing the disease and the exposure to harmful chemicals can also increase the risk of the disease.
• Other causes may include exposure to harmful chemicals and late child bearing as well.

Types of Breast Cancer:

There are mainly two types of breast cancer which are as follows :

• Ductal carcinoma is most common form of cancer which shapes up in the tubes which move milk from the breast to the nipples.
• Lobular carcinoma is the kind of cancer which shapes up in the lobules part of breast which produces milk.

Treatment of Breast Cancer:

The treatment of breast cancer depends upon various factors such as type and stage of the cancer, on the fact whether the cancer is sensitive to certain hormones and whether or not the cancer reproduces a gene called HER2/neu.

• The treatment of breast cancer includes certain steps such as first Chemotherapy medicines in order to kill cancer cells.
• Thereafter radiation therapy is used to destroy the cancerous tissues.
• The final step is surgery which involves removal of cancerous tissues- a surgery of lumpectomy removes the breast lump and the surgery of mastectomy removes all or the specific part of the breast.

The acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is a type of cancer of the white blood cells. The immature blood cells reproduce in the bone marrow and thus cause damage and death by crowding the normal cells and by spreading to other body organs. This cancer of white blood cells is most common in children and young adults. The curable rate in children is much higher than those in adults.

Symptoms of Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

The initial symptoms of the lymphoblastic leukaemia are not specific but can get worse if not treated on time. The symptoms of lymphoblastic leukaemia include :

• Weakness and fatigue
• Anemia
• Frequent fever
• Sudden weight loss and loss of appetite
• Excessive bruising
• Bone pain, joint pains
• Breathlessness

Treatment of Lymphoblastic Leukaemia:

The treatment of lymphoblastic leukaemia gives better result if detected earlier. The surgeon aims at reducing the maximum part of the detected cancer cells. This treatment of lymphoblastic leukaemia includes chemotherapy, steroids and radiation therapy.

• Chemotherapy : It is the initial treatment of which includes a combination of different treatments. This therapy includes a usage of various drugs which aims at killing the cancerous cells.
• Radiation Therapy : This therapy is used on the bony areas where with the usage of high- energy rays the cancer cells are being destroyed without causing much harm to the healthy cells.
• Steroid Therapy : Steroids are drugs and they are mostly used along with chemotherapy to kill the cancerous cells. Two main steroids used to cure acute lymphoblastic leukaemia are Prednisolone or Dexamethasone.

The cancer in the skin is one of the most common of all human cancers and is diagnosed very high all over the world. The skin cancer develops when the normal cells grow and multiply very fastidiously. This sudden transformation in the cells causing uncontrollable formulation of cells leads to a mass called a tumour. Tumour of skin is often referred to as lesions. These tumours are cancerous in the cases when they are malignant causing invasion of neighbouring tissues due to the excessive growth. The tumours may also travel to remote organs through the bloodstream.

Types of Skin Cancer:

There are mainly three types of skin cancer, which include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.

• The majority of skin cancers are basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas though they are malignant they are don’t really spread to other parts of the body.
• Only a small number of skin cancers are malignant melanomas these are highly aggressive form of cancer which has the tendency of spreading to other organs of body as well.

Symptoms of Skin Cancer:

The main symptoms of skin cancer include crabs or changes in the skin which does not heal, or ulcers in the skin, discoloration of skin and visible changes in previously existing moles.

• In the case of the basal cell carcinoma generally a raised, smooth, pearly bump on the skin of the head, neck or shoulders is visible sometimes crusting and bleeding in the centre of the tumour also develops.
• In the case of Squamous cell carcinoma a thick patch develops red in colour. Ulcers and bleeding can also develop.
• The melanomas have brown or black coloured lesions. The signs of malignant melanoma include a change in size, shape, colour or elevation in the pre existing mole.

Treatment of Skin Cancer:

The treatment for basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma is usually done with surgically removing the lesion. The procedure of treatment of skin cancer can include a complete process which involves various steps beginning from surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

Skin cancer mainly is treated by removing the lesion, in order to make the edges free from the tumour cells. The Mohs’ micrographic surgery is a technique to remove the cancer along with removal of the least amount of surrounding tissues which helps in attaining best cosmetically favourable results.

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer can develop in any part of the stomach and from stomach it can also spread to other parts of the body. The gastric cancer is most commonly found in the esophagus and the small intestine inside the stomach. This form of cancer is easily treated when it is caught early although in most of the cases the symptoms are visible at an advanced stage when the cancer has already spread in most part of the stomach.

Symptoms of Stomach Cancer:

In the case of stomach cancer the symptoms usually remains non-specific in its early stages. Unfortunately by the time the symptoms are visible the cancer already have begun influencing other organs as well. The cancer in stomach can have following symptoms :

• Indigestion
• Loss of appetite, for meat especially
• In the later more advanced stages an abdominal pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen can be caused due to stomach cancer.
• Nausea and frequent vomiting
• Diarrhoea or constipation
• Sudden weight loss
• Weakness and fatigue also bleeding either vomiting blood or having blood in stool can be caused due to stomach cancer.

Treatment of Stomach Cancer:

The treatment of stomach cancer depends upon a number of factors such as the location of cancer, the level of the growth of the cancer, the patient’s overall health and lastly the patient’s own preference. The surgeons mainly aims at removing the cancer completely however, in other cases the tumour is removed as much as is possible in order to decrease the growth or the cause of harming in the stomach.The process of stomach cancer includes :

• Surgery : A surgery to remove the major part of the cancer is the most common treatment of this ailment. In order to cure the cancer the surgeon may remove partial or total gastrectomy of the stomach as well as some of the surrounding tissue.
• Chemotherapy : This treatment includes usage of drugs in order to kill cancerous cells. This medication is either injected or is taken orally and travels through the blood stream to kill the cancer cells post surgery or to treat the cancer which has spread to other organs of the body. This treatment is also used to control the growth of cancerous cells and to relieve the symptoms of the cancer.

Radiation Therapy:

This is a treatment for killing cancer cells with the usage of high energy X- rays. The radiation therapy affects only those parts of the body through which the radiation beam passes.

The lowest part of uterus is cervix and it connects the uterus with the birth canal (vagina). As women have only cervix and so cervical cancer is a disease of women only. Unlike any cancer, cervical cancer also develops in the form of benign and malignant tumors. When cells in the cervix begin to grow abnormally and invading nearby tissues spread to other parts of the body, it is called cervical cancer. Benign tumors are not life threatening. Malignant tumors are life threatening as the malignant tumors expand to nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Naturally cervical cancer grows slowly and it may grow quickly also.

Types of Cervical Cancer:

In clinical science, cancer is categorized by the nature of the cells. The types of cervical cancer are :

• Squamous cell carcinoma : When cancer occurs in the surface of the cervix is known as squamous cell carcinoma. It is the most common cervical cancer as 80% report of cancer is of this type.
• Adenocarcinoma : Cancer cell grows in the glands of the cervix is known as an adenocarcinoma. Surprisingly this form of cancer has risen since 1970.
• Adenosquamous carcinomas : Cancer that has the characteristics of both squamous and adenocarcinomas are known as adenosquamous carcinomas.

The rare types of cervical cancer are small cell and neuroendocrine carcinoma.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer :

The risk factors of cervical cancer are infection with a virus called HPV (human papillomavirus), multiple sexual relationships, conditions that weaken one’s immune system include HIV infection, having had an organ transplantation and Hodgkin's disease, smoking, etc. In the early stages, no symptoms of cervical cancer appear. So, it is important to do Pap tests for screening. In its growing stage of tumor, the following symptoms occur.

• abnormal bleeding (including bleeding after sexual intercourse, in between periods, heavier/longer lasting menstrual bleeding, or bleeding after menopause)
• abnormal vaginal discharge (may be foul smelling)
• pelvic or back pain
• pain on urination
• blood in the stool or urine

Treatment of Cervical Cancer :

The Pap test is the diagnosis procedure for cervical cancer. The doctor looks for abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix through a microscope. The doctor or nurse will collect a few cells from the cervix to send to a medical lab for testing. So, the treatment of the cervical cancer depends on the Pap tests report. The Pap test shows the cells as no abnormal cells, abnormal cells of undetermined significance, low risk abnormal cells or high risk abnormal cells. The doctors refer the treatments according to the nature of the cells. The treatments of cervical cancer are colposcopy including biopsy, surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Follow-up testing, etc.

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The colon, a 5 to 6 feet long tube, connects to the rectum and anus. The last part of the digestive tract is large intestine and the colon is the large part of the large intestine. In colon, the nutrients are absorbed and liquid waste product is changed to solid stool. Colon cancer is a malignant type of cancer in which tissue grows abnormally in the wall of the colon. Polyps form in the tissues and grow slowly. The process of formation of tumors takes many years and so early detection is possible by doing screening tests at a regular interval.Types of Colon Cancer :

According to the nature of the cancer cells, the types of colon cancer are clinically categorized as followings :

• Adenocarcinoma : The most common type of colon cancer and it originates in glands. 90-95 cancer is reported of this type and it has two sub types- mucinous and signet ring cell.
• Leiomyosarcomas : It occursin the smooth muscle of the colon. Less than 2% of Leiomyosarcomas is reported and has the possibility of spreading to other parts of the body.
• Lymphomas : It is more likely to start in the rectum than in the colon. Lymphomas start in the body has more possibility to spread to the colon than to the rectum.
• Melanomas : It is the result of a melanoma that starts in a part of the body and spreads to the colon.
• Neuroendocrine Tumors : It has two categories-aggressive and indolent.

Symptoms of Colon Cancer :

The colon cancer is the third common type of cancer in both sexes. There are some risk factors of this cancer are a diet high in fat, red meat but low in fruits and vegetables, high caloric intake, low levels of physical activity, obesity, smoking and excessive alcohol intake, etc. However, there is possibility of this cancer without these factors. In the initial stage, it does not show any symptoms. So, the regular screening is essential to know of it.

The symptoms of colon cancer are :

• Bleeding from the rectum
• Blood in the stool or toilet after a bowel movement
• Change in shape of the stool (i.e. thinning)
• Cramping pain in the abdomen
• Unusual Bowel movement tendency

Treatments of Colon Cancer :

After proper diagnosis the doctors start the treatment. The diagnosis procedures are Fecal Occult Blood Testing (FOBT) in combination with a flexible sigmoidoscopy, Full Colonoscopy, Virtual Colonoscopy and DNA stool testing. The treatment procedure of colon cancer depends on the stage of the development of the cancer. The treatments of colon cancer are surgery, radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Interventional Radiology, Follow-up test, etc.

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The esophagus is a 25 cm long muscular tube connecting the mouth to stomach and its wall is composing a series of muscles. The two layers of tissue are known as the mucosa and submucosa, where most cancers of the esophagus develop. The cancer that develops in the muscle tissues of the esophagus is known as esophageal cancer.

Cancer develops in esophagus and it can spread to other parts of the body as well. It develops in the forms of benign tumor and malignant tumor. Tumor means abnormal growth of cell and it can be benign and malignant form. Uncontrolled cell growth is seen in benign tumor without any invasion into normal tissues and without any spread. In a malignant tumor, cells increase the susceptibility to invade tissues and spread to the area as well as to distant parts of the body. Thus it is called esophageal cancer when cells in the lining of the esophagus grow uncontrollably invading normal tissues and spreading to other parts of the body.

Types of Esophageal Cancer :

The types of esophageal cancer are :

• Squamous Cell Carcinomas : When cancer develops in the inner lining (mucosa) of the upper esophagus, it is called Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancer occurs in the squamous cells. Vast majority of esophageal cancer develops in this inner lining.
• Adenocarcinoma : When cancer develops in the lower esophagus, it is called adenocarcinoma. The lining of the lower esophagus contains some glands and cancer occurs in this part.

However the previous stage of the squamous and adenocarcinoma are named as precancerous lesions, called carcinoma-in-situ. If this cancer has no invasion qualities, there is no risk. Another precursor to cancer in esophagus is termed as Barrett's esophagus in medical dictionary.

Symptoms of Esophageal Cancer :

Smoking and alcohol use are risk factors for this types of cancer. Compared to non-smokers and non-drinkers, smokers and drinkers are more vulnerable to this cancer. The symptoms of esophageal cancer are

• Chest pain can occur in patients
• Irritating sensation with breathing (especially with deep breaths), and hoarseness.
• Heartburn
• Difficulty in swallowing
• Inability to swallow solid foods (eventually liquids also)
• Pain with swallowing
• Food sticking in esophagus
• Weight loss
• Regurgitation of undigested food
• Vomiting blood or passing old blood with bowel movements

Treatments of Esophageal Cancer :

Before treatments of esophageal cancer, the diagnosis is done. The procedures of diagnosis are Endoscopy, Barium x-rays, Computed tomography and CT scan. After the test if esophageal cancer is proven, the doctors start the procedure of treating Esophageal Cancer. Unlike any cancer, the treatment depends on the stage of cancer, whether it is severe or not. If cancer is not spread to other parts of body, a surgery can remove the cancer cells of esophagus. If it is spread to other parts of body, both chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments are done.

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Kidneys are two bean-shaped organs with various important biological rules. The kidneys are located at the back of the abdomen. The main functions of kidneys are balance of the body fluids by filtering the bloods, production of the hormone erythropoietin, etc. The kidneys have two parts- the outer region namely cortex, inner region namely renal pelvis. Both parts have separate functions. Cancer develops in these two parts of kidney is called kidney cancer. Unlike any cancer, the tumors of the kidney cancer are also divided as benign and malignant cancer. The benign tumors are not life threatening as it has no invasion and spreading power to other parts of the body. But the malignant tumor has invasion power and it spreads to other parts of the body. So when the cells develop abnormally in the cortex and renal pelvis of the kidneys is called kidney cancer.

Types of Kidney Cancer :

The types of kidney cancer are categorized according to the nature of the cancer cells. The types are clinically categorized as :

• Renal cell carcinomas : The most common type of cancer that develops in the cortex layer. It is an aggressive tumor with invasion and spreading power.
• Transitional Cell Carcinoma : The second common type of kidney cancer and it develops in the renal pelvis.
• Wilm’s Tumor : It is called nephroblastoma and it happens in the children in the age of 2 to 4.

The other types of kidney cancer are :

• Chromophilic,
• Chromophobic,
• Oncocytic, and
• Collecting duct cancers

The risk factors of kidney cancer are smoking, those of who having family history of kidney cancer, less-proven risk factors such as-obesity (especially in women), analgesic abuse, high blood pressure, and several uncommon hereditary diseases, including von Hippel-Lindau disease and polycystic kidney disease.Symptoms of Kidney Cancer :

The symptoms of kidney cancer are related to other diseases of the body. The symptoms related to local tumor extension are :

• Hematuria (blood in the urine),
• Abdominal pain, and
• A lump or mass in the area of kidney

The symptoms related to metastatic diseases are :

• Fever,
• Weight loss,
• Night sweats

Other symptoms of kidney cancer are :

• Hypertension,
• Increased calcium in the blood
• Liver problems
• Loss of appetite
• Tiredness
• High temperature
• Feeling poor health

Treatments of Kidney Cancer :

Unlike any cancer the treatment of kidney cancer depends on the stage of the cancer stage which is resulted in the diagnosis procedure. The diagnosis procedures are CT scan, MRI scan; Blood and urine tests, Chest x-ray and bone scan to have a metastatic view to these parts, etc. The staging of the disease helps the physicians to administer the type of the treatment. The treatments of kidney cancer are surgical (which is called nephrectomy), radiotherapy, Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy. There are two types of immunotherapy-Antibody therapy and Cancer vaccines.

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The largest internal organ in human body, liver has several functions. It consists of four lobes. The functions of liver are filtering of the blood, storing glycogen, production of bile, an alkaline compound, decomposition of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, regulating high-volume biochemical reactions, etc. Liver cancer is a malignant form of cancer that develops in the tissues of the liver. The benign tumors are not life threatening and growth of these can be treated with surgery. Simply, the liver cancers are clinically categorized as primary and secondary. Cancer spreads to other parts of the body through three systems-tissue, lymph systems and blood.

Types of Liver Cancer :

There are various types of liver cancer categorized according to the growth of the cell types. The main two types are :

• Primary Liver cancer : It is the common type of adult liver cancer and it gradually develops to other parts of the body. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of malignant tumors.
• Metastasized Liver cancer : It is the metastatic form of cancer that develops in other parts of the body and travels to liver due to its important function of the filtering of the blood. Cancers from colon, pancreas, stomach, lung, and breast have the risk of spreading to liver.

The sub types of liver cancer are Cholangiocarcinoma, Klatskin tumor, angiosarcoma, lymphomas, carcinoids, etc.

The risk factors of liver cancer are chronic hepatitis B and C infection, cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes mellitus, exposure to toxins, such as certain types of fungi (aflatoxin), vinyl chloride, anabolic steroids, and arsenic, smoking, etc.

Symptoms of Liver Cancer :

Various symptoms of liver cancer occur when cancer develops in the liver. However, all symptoms may not have the right indication of liver cancer. The symptoms are :

• Ascites - an accumulation of fluid around the liver and intestines
• Jaundice - yellowing of the skin and whites of the eye
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Abdominal pain
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Confusion
• Pain in the back or abdomen or around the right shoulder blade
• A hard lump just below the rib cage
• Dark-coloured urine
• Clay-coloured bowel movements
• Internal bleeding

Treatments of Liver Cancer :

After proper diagnosis the physicians start the treatment of the liver cancer. The procedures of the diagnosis are physical examination and history of the diseases of the patient, Serum tumor marker test, Complete blood count (CBC), Biopsy, CT scan, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), Ultrasound exam and Laparoscopy. If the diagnosis result shows the abnormal development of cancer cells in the liver, the doctors start the treatment according to the stage of the cancer. The stages are named according to the severity of the disease and the gradual development of the cells to other parts of the body. The treatments of liver cancer are Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy and Percutaneous ethanol injection. The new types of cancer treatment still in clinical trials are Hyperthermia therapy and Biologic therapy.

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Lungs are one of the respiratory organs of the human body. It is located in the chest and heart is in middle of it. The main function of the lungs is to supply oxygen to the blood and release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Three sections called lobes are in right lung and two lobes in left lung. The inhalation and exhalation process occurs in millions of thin-walled air sacs called alveoli. When cells grow abnormally in the tissue of the lung it is called lung cancer. The cancer cells gradually invade the nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Cancer cells can develop in any of the tissues in the lung; but most commonly, lung cancer spread from the lining of the bronchi, smaller branches of the trachea.

Types of Lung Cancer :

Clinically lung cancer is categorized into tow terms. The two types of lung cancer are :

• Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) : It is rare and 20 % cancer reported of this type. It is aggressive as it grows quickly and has invasion and spreading power.
• Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) : It is the common lung cancer and 80% of lung cancer accounted of non cell lung cancer. It grows slowly and it is subdivided into several types according to the nature of the cells. The types are- adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

It is the common lung cancer and 80% of lung cancer accounted of non cell lung cancer. It grows slowly and it is subdivided into several types according to the nature of the cells. The types are- adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

Lung cancer is a common cause of cancer death and so one should know the risk factors of lung cancer. Smoking is the main reason of lung cancer. Second-hand smoking is another risk factor of lung cancer. Other factors are workers who work with asbestos, those of who exposed to arsenic, chromium, nickel, vinyl chloride, hard metal dusts, talc, uranium, and gasoline and diesel exhaust fumes.

Symptoms of Lung Cancer :

In the initial stage, one will not notice any symptoms of lung cancer. The symptoms occur when the cancer cells grows in size. The symptoms of lung cancer are :

• Cough
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Blood or bloody phlegm in cough
• New onset hoarseness or wheezing
• Pneumonia or bronchitis
• Weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue
• Bone pain
• Dizziness or double vision
• Numbness or tingling in your arms or legs
• Turning yellow (jaundice)
• Seizures

Treatment of Lung Cancer :

The diagnosis procedures are Chest X-rays, CT scan, sputum cytology for examination of phlegm and Biopsy. Depending on the results of the diagnosis, the physicians administer the treatment. The nature of the cell forms helps the doctors to categorizing it in types. The treatment starts with the stage of the cancer. It may be in initial and severe stage. The treatment procedures start after proper diagnosis of the disease and the physical health of the patient. The treatments of lung cancer are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, Targeted Therapies/Biologic Therapies, Photodynamic Therapy, Follow-up testing.

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Ovaries are two peanut size fertile organs of women locating in a women’s pelvis, on each side of the uterus. Ovaries have the important functions like production of female hormones and eggs. In every month, ovaries produce eggs and send it to uterus for reproduction. The hormones estrogen and progesterone that produced by ovaries are responsible for women’s menstrual cycles and it keeps a women fertile. Ovarian cancer is recognized when cells in the ovaries grow abnormally and invades adjacent tissues and spread to other parts of the body. These abnormal growths of tissues are called tumors. The benign tumors are not life threatening and only the malignant tumors have invasion characteristics.

Types of Ovarian Cancer :

The types of ovarian cancer are categorized according to the nature of cells.

• Epithelial ovarian cancer : It is the most common type of ovarian cancer and 90% ovarian cancer is reported of this type. It grows in the epithelial cells that lie it comes from cells that lie on the surface of the ovary. It is specially the cancer of older woman.
• Germ cell ovarian cancer : It develops in the ovarian cells that produce eggs. Germ cell ovarian cancer is seen mostly younger women.
• Stromal ovarian cancer : It occurs in the cells of ovaries that produce hormones. One of the main symptoms of this cancer is the high excess of female hormones.

These three types of ovarian cancer are further divided into several sub types. The risk factors are old age, family history of ovarian cancer, longtime use of the infertility drug, clomiphene citrate, without getting pregnant, a diet high in animal fats, etc.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer :

Ovarian cancer is called silent killer as only in the severe stage, the symptoms occur. However, it is proven now and most women may have symptoms in the initial stage. The symptoms of ovarian cancer that generally occur include :

• Abdominal swelling/Bloating
• Gastrointestinal Symptoms (such as gas, indigestion, nausea, or changes in bowel movements)
• Vaginal Bleeding or Discharge
• Urinary Problems - Urgency, Burning, or Spasms
• Pelvic or abdominal pain
• Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
• Urinary symptoms (urgency or frequency)
• Fatigue and/or Fever
• Pain During Intercourse
• Back Pain
• Difficulty Breathing

Treatment of Ovarian Cancer :

Unlike any cancer, the treatment of ovarian cancer also depends on diagnosis results and the nature of the cell types. The physicians start the treatment studying the stage of the cancer. The treatment procedure differs to stage of the cancer in which the cancer is. The diagnosis procedure of ovarian cancer is biopsy as only it can tell whether abnormal cells develop or not in ovaries. CT scans or MRIs are diagnosis procedures of ovarian cancer. The treatments of ovarian cancer are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, follow-up testing.

Acting as a facilitator of Apollo Hospitals renowned for various quality treatments of cancer, our medical team can provide you ovarian cancer treatment at an affordable price. You need not worry for medical treatments in India. We even provide free consultation with the experts and you need not wait for waiting periods.

Rectum is 5 to 6 inches long part of the large intestine. It starts after the colon and ends at the anus. It is the storehouse of the stool until the moment of bowel movement. Rectal cancer is a malignant type of cancer that forms in the wall of the rectum. When malignant cells develop in the lining or epithelium of the rectum and it loses its normal growth, it is called rectal cancer. These cells have the characteristic of invasion and spreading to other parts of the body. It gradually invades the nearby lymph nodes and spreads to adjoining organs in the pelvic region, such as the ovaries or the prostate.

Types of Rectal Cancer :

The types of rectal cancer depend on the cell types. The histological types of rectal cancer are :

• Adenocarcinoma (most rectal cases): It has two types namely Mucinous (colloid) adenocarcinoma and Signet ring adenocarcinoma.
• Scirrhous tumors
• Neuroendocrine
• Carcinoid tumors

Symptoms of Rectal Cancer :

One should have knowledge of the risk factors of rectal cancer as it is the third common cancer. The risk factors are those of who have a personal or family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, lifestyle factors such as- a diet high in fat and red meat, low intake of fruits and vegetables, high caloric intake, lack of physical workouts, obesity, smoking and excessive alcohol intake, etc.

Though initially the symptoms are not distinct, the late stage symptoms of rectal cancer are :

• Bright red blood present with stool
• Abdominal distention (stretching from internal pressure),
• Bloating
• Inability to have a bowel movement
• Unnatural tendency of bowel movement
• Narrowing of the stool, so-called ribbon stools
• Pelvic pain
• Weight loss
• Persistent chronic fatigue
• Urinary infection or passage of air in urine in males (late symptom and it is rare)
• Passage of feces through vagina in females(late symptom)

Treatment of Rectal Cancer :

The treatment of the rectal cancer depends on the diagnosis results and the types and stage of the cancer. The diagnosis procedures of rectal cancer are digital rectal exam (DRE), fecal occult blood testing, colonoscopy, CT scans, MRIs, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and sigmoidoscopy. After the confirmation of the rectal cancer in diagnosis, the clinical stage is started by the doctors. The types of treatment for rectal cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Surgery is the most common treatment for rectal cancer, but it can be done in the initial stage. Patients in the stage of ii and iii are treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

The medical industry of India is developing tremendously with the modern infrastructure and resources. So for foreigners’ medical treatments in India is a common phenomenon in medial tourism. The most desired reason is that India offers medical treatments including cancer treatment at an affordable price. We offer medical treatments under the umbrella of the Apollo Hospitals with our medical team. One will get free consultation from our experts and immediate treatment without waiting for the waiting periods.

The prostate is a gland of men located in middle of the bladder and rectum. As men have only prostate, so prostate cancer is the disease of the man. The main function of Prostate gland is to produce and store fluid which comes out from a man’s penis during ejaculation. The urethra tube that carries urine from the bladder to penis is fully encircled by Prostate gland. The enlargement of Prostate causes urination problem of men. Prostate cancer means cells in the Prostate grow uncontrollably and invade the nearby tissues and other parts of the body. The abnormally grown tissues are called tumors. The benign tumors are those tumors which are not life threatening. Only malignant tumors can spread to other parts of the body. Though usually Prostate cancer is slow growing, it has the possibility of quick growth and expansion. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer of men.

Types of Prostate Cancer :

The types of Prostate cancer are clinically categorized as:

• Adecarcinomas : It is the most common type of cancer as 95 percent of Prostate cancer reported of this type. It grows in glandular tissue. The types of Prostate cancer include leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma.
• Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN) : This is an indication of abnormal growth of cells which eventually become malignant.
• Prostate Carcinoma : It usually develops near the surface of the gland
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) : The abnormal growth of benign prostate cells is called BPH. In BPH, the prostate enlarges and blocks the normal flow of urine.

The abnormal growth of benign prostate cells is called BPH. In BPH, the prostate enlarges and blocks the normal flow of urine.

The invasion of the Prostate cancer happens to fat, tissue, the seminal vesicles, and the neck of the bladder. The other parts that it can invade are lymph nodes of the pelvic, bones of the spine, hip, pelvis and chest. Lungs, liver and adrenal glands are also invaded by Prostate cancer.

Symptoms of Prostate Cancer :

In the initial stage the symptoms of Prostate cancer may not occur. In case of severe prostate cancers, the symptoms include :

• Trouble starting urination
• Urinating much more frequently than usual
• The feeling that you can't release all of your urine
• Pain on urination or ejaculation
• Blood in your urine or semen
• Impotency
• Bone pain

Usually prostate cancer occurs over the age of 45, yet most of the cancer cases reported to 60 ages and above 65. However, young men can also suffer from this cancer. The risk factors signified by physicians are age, ethnicity, genetics and diet.

Treatments of Prostate Cancer :

Unlike any cancer, the treatment of Prostate cancer depends on the diagnosis results and the stage of the cancer. The diagnosis procedures of Prostate cancer are digital rectal exam (DRE), A PSA (prostate specific antigen) test. Even physicians suggest that every man should have PSA test for prostate screening. If the DRE or PSA shows the abnormality, biopsy is done to the patient. In case of severity of the diseases, tests like CT scans or MRIs are done. The treatments of Prostate cancer are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, cryosurgery, watchful waiting and follow-up testing.

Our medical team will guide you to treatment of Prostate cancer at Apollo Hospitals’ cancer centers. You can have the treatment at an affordable price with free consultation with cancer specialists and no waiting periods. You need not worry for medical treatments in India now.

Pancreas is a pear-shaped 6 inches long gland located between the stomach and spine. The functions of pancreas are the production of digestive enzymes and hormones. It is divided into three parts- head (widest part), body (middle) and thin end (tail). The hormones produced by pancreas help to regulate the blood sugar levels. When cells in the pancreas grow abnormally and invade the nearby lymph nodes and spread to the organs like liver and lungs is called pancreas cancer.

Types of Pancreas Cancer :

The types of pancreatic cancer are categorized as :

Exocrine cancer : It is the most common pancreas cancer. 90% of pancreas cancer is reported of this type. 9 out of 10 exocrine pancreatic cancers are adenocarcinomas. These cancers occur in the cells lining of the ducts (tubes) of the pancreas. The other rare types of exocrine pancreatic cancer are :

• Cystic tumors
• Cancer of the acinar cells
• Sarcomas of the pancreas

Rare endocrine pancreatic tumors : Endocrine cancers are a group of hormones and they are named according to the hormone type.

Lymphoma of the pancreas : It occurs in the lymphatic system of the body. As it passes through the body, it can occur in any place.

Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer :

Though in initial stage, symptoms do not occur frequently, yet some symptoms occur in the early as well as severe stage. The symptoms of pancreatic cancer are :

• Weight loss
• Pain in the stomach area
• Vomiting
• Darkening of urine
• Jaundice
• Diabetes
• Itching
• Sickness
• Disturbance in bowel movements
• Fever and shivering
• Insulinoma

Treatment of Pancreas Cancer :

The treatment of the pancreas cancer depends on the diagnosis and stage of the cancer. The diagnosis procedures of the pancreas center are CT scan, transabdominal ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound or EUS. In the case of jaundice patient, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) diagnoses are done. After proper diagnosis and studying the development of the cancer cells physicians start the process of treatment. Physical health of the patient is also thoroughly tested. The treatments of pancreas cancer are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Our medical teams will refer one to the expert cancer specialist of Apollo Hospitals. The most renowned and largest healthcare groups of Asia, Apollo cancer centers have all the modern equipments of diagnosis and treatments with qualified and experienced cancer specialist. Apollo offers quality pancreas cancer treatments. The advantages one will avail in Medical treatments in India under our guidance are affordable treatment, free consultation with the expert and no waiting periods for the treatment.